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Oscillations are observed in sunspots as well. In the chromosphere above a sunspot, a reverse Evershed flow appears as material spirals into the spot the inner half of the penumbra flows inward to the umbra. These features are elements of the magnetic field that flow outward across the area surrounding the spot. One such motion is the Evershed effect, an outward flow at a rate of one kilometre per second in the outer half of the penumbra that extends beyond the penumbra in the form of moving magnetic features. Smaller ones are rapidly heated by radiation from the surroundings and destroyed.Īlthough the magnetic field suppresses convection and random motions are much lower than in the surroundings, a wide variety of organized motions occur in spots, mostly in the penumbra, where the horizontal field lines permit detectable horizontal flows. For this reason, there appears to be a lower limit on the size of the spots of approximately 500 kilometres. Sunspots are thought to be cooled by the suppression of their strong fields with the convective motions bringing heat from below. Owing to the great magnetic energy present in sunspots, regions near the cool spots actually have the hottest and most intense activity. The spot pressure, consisting of magnetic and gas pressure, must balance the pressure of its surroundings hence the spot must somehow cool until the inside gas pressure is considerably lower than that of the outside. Thus, he showed that the umbra appears dark because it is quite cool, only about 3,000 K, as compared with the 5,800 K temperature of the surrounding photosphere. George Ellery Hale observed the sunspot spectrum in the early 20th century with his new solar telescope and found it similar to that of cool red M-type stars observed with his new stellar telescope. NASA/GSFC/Scientific Visualization Studio See all videos for this article SpaceNext50 Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space!Ĭlose-up of a rotating sunspot.Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them! Saving Earth Britannica Presents Earth’s To-Do List for the 21st Century.Britannica Beyond We’ve created a new place where questions are at the center of learning.
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